منابع مشابه
Reciprocity and Wage Undercutting*
It is well-documented that employers refuse to hire workers who offer their services at less than the prevailing wage. The received explanation is that workers are motivated by reciprocity they desire to reward kindness and punish hostility. To refuse an outsider’s under-bid is viewed as a kind choice that is met with good effort; a low wage is viewed as an insult that is met with shirking. We...
متن کاملReciprocity and downward wage rigidity
The employment relationship is to a large extent characterized by incomplete contracts, in which workers have a considerable degree of discretion over the choice of their work effort. This discretion at work kicks in the potential importance of ‘‘gift exchange” or reciprocity between workers and employers in their employment relationship. Built on the seminal work of Akerlof (1980), this paper ...
متن کاملFairness, Reciprocity, and Wage Rigidity
Fairness, Reciprocity, and Wage Rigidity This paper contains a review of empirical work related to wage rigidity, where researchers have collected their own data. The work includes field studies, economic experiments, and psychological surveys. Economists have done the field studies and experiments, and management scientists and experimental psychologists have done the surveys. There is a remar...
متن کاملUndercutting in Argumentation Systems
Rule-based argumentation systems are developed for reasoning about defeasible information. They take as input a theory made of a set of strict rules, which encode strict information, and a set of defeasible rules which describe general behaviour with exceptional cases. They build arguments by chaining such rules, define attacks between them, use a semantics for evaluating the arguments, and fin...
متن کاملAn Argumentation Framework with Backing and Undercutting
In this work we will combine two important notions for the argumentation community into Abstract Argumentation Frameworks (AFs). These notions correspond to Toulmin’s backings and Pollock’s undercutting defeaters. We will define Backing-Undercutting Argumentation Frameworks (BUAFs), an extension of AFs that includes a specialized support relation, a distinction between different attack types, a...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: European Economic Review
سال: 2000
ISSN: 0014-2921
DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2921(99)00047-1